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"The computer book of the month is The Bios Companion by Phil Croucher. Long-time readers of this column will recall I have recommended his book before. This tells you everything you ought to know about the BIOS in your system. Post codes, options, upgrades, you name it.

Years ago, I called an earlier edition of this invaluable and I see no reason to change my view. Recommended."

Jerry Pournelle
Byte Magazine

"Croucher's book was invaluable 20 years ago and remains so today...... Every one of the 468 pages holds useful information, the author having zero tolerance for padding."

Davey Winder
PC Plus Magazine

"You've completerly impressed me with the quality and scope of your guides - extreme care has obviously gone into their research and preparation."

Jeremy Fleming

"His style is lovely: clear, jargon-free where possible, chatty and friendly with beautiful short paragraphs. It [Communications & Networks] joins my list of 'I wish I'd written it' books. I haven't come across such a good subject book in a long time at this price."

Lorna Kyle
Personal Computer World

"To any micro owner who wants to know what this comms business is all about, [Communications & Networks] is certainly one of the best around. ... Croucher is not only knowledgable about his subject, he's interested in it and communicates that interest to you. "

Ron Peck
New Computer Express

"There are few books about which explain as accurately and comprehensively as [Communications & Networks] does what communications are all about. The glossary is excellent."

Micro Decision

"...any PC user with a genuine interest in using his machine to its full potential will recognise [Communications & Networks] for the completely invaluable tool and often the inspiration that it is."

Yvonne Taylor
Which PC

"[Communications & Networks] is the type of book you can read on a bus or train without getting a headache from trying to understand what it means."

Network

"As a recently reformed computer illiterate myself, I appreciated the author's straighforward yet humourous and light-hearted style of writing. He manages to strike the balance between too much and too little information. ... [Computing Under Protest] is never in danger of either boring or confusing the reader."

Emma Tyrrall
Practical PC

"Good documentation is important for any software, but even more so for an operating system - the documentation [for DOS 386 Professional] has some exceptionally clear explanations. Altogether, the documentation is an example of the right way of doing things, and other software manufacturers would do well to take note."

Matthew Holbrook
Computer Shopper

"The DOS 386 Professional manual sets arrived at 2130 local time today. We have had a brief look at them and wish to congratulate IMS on the excellent, clear and concise manner in which they have been presented."

Fred Parker
ETL Soft

"I remain impressed by Mr. Croucher's fluid writing style, practical orientation, enthusiasm, and strong technical knowledge."

Lance A Leventhal
Slawson Communications, Inc



JAR Professional Pilot Studies

"Its real value lies in taking the plethora of booklets and ring-bound photocopies associated with commercial examinations and condensing them into an attractive and portable form. The guy really does deserve a medal ~ he has made a genuine contribution to the body of professional aviation literature assembled during the course of the last century.

I heartily recommend it to students of commercial flight, if only as a souvenir of their efforts... "

Colin Hilton
Pro Pilot's Rumour Network

"(The) Book is quite a good compliment to our notes for students. We will be recommending all our students buy the books.... "

Chris
Naples Air Centre

"I got your book last month and am in the process of ploughing through it! Actually, I really like it and find it very interesting and easy to read."

Simon Rouse

"So far I have found your book an extremely helpful reference manual to carry around in my flight bag."

Blair Clubley

"I wish to commend you on a "work of art". I wish the CAA would produce a quick reference easy to read manual such as yours. Truly wonderful!"

Ebrahim Parkar
 
Post Codes
 Acer
 ALR
 AMI
 Arche
 AST
 AT&T
  Award
 Chips & Technologies
 Compaq
 Dell
 DTK
 Eurosoft/Mylex
  Faraday A-Tease
 HP
 IBM
 Intel
 Landmark
 Microid/MR
 NCR 		 Olivetti
 Philips
 Phoenix
 Quadtel
 Supersoft
 Tandon
 Zenith

Award POST Codes

The general procedures below are valid for greater than XT v3.0 and AT v3.02-4.2. The sequence may vary slightly between versions. If a failure occurs between 6- FF (unless it causes the computer to hang in the test), the system will keep outputting the POST sequence to the defined POST port. A normal error message will then be displayed on the screen when video is available.

EISA codes typically go to 300h. ISA codes to 80h.

Note: Not all POST codes are included below - the latest information is in the The BIOS Companion, which contains over 100 pages of them.


Test Sequence before v4.2

 

CPU BIOS sets, verifies and resets the error flags in the CPU.  Failure here is normally due to the CPU or system clock
POST Determination BIOS determines whether the motherboard is set for normal operation or a continuous loop of POST.  If the POST test is cycled 1-5 times over and over either the jumper for this function is set to burn=in or the circuitry involved has failed
Keyboard Controller BIOS tests the internal operations of the keyboard controller chip (8042).   Failure here is normally due to the keyboard chip
Burn In Status 1-5 will repeat if the motherboard is set to burn in.  If you haven't set the motherboard for burn-in mode, there is a short in the circuitry
Initialize Chipset BIOS clears all DMA registers and CMOS status bytes 0E and 0F.  BIOS then initializes 8254 timer,  Failure of this test is probably due to the timer chip
CPU A bit-pattern is used to verify the functioning of the CPU registers.  Failure here is normally down to the CPU or clock chip
RTC BIOS verifies that the real time clock is updating CMOS at normal intervals.  Failure is normally the CMOS/RTC or the battery
ROM BIOS Checksum BIOS performs a checksum of itself against a predetermined value that will equal 00.  Failure is down to the ROM BIOS
Initialize Video BIOS tests and initializes the video controller.  Failure is normally the video controller (6845) or an improper setting of the motherboard or CMOS
PIT BIOS tests the functionality of channels 0, 1, and 2 in sequence.  Failure is normally the PIT chip (8254/53)
CMOS Status Walking bit pattern tests CMOS shutdown status byte 0F.  Failure normally in CMOS
Extended CMOS BIOS checks for any extended information of the chipset and stores it in the extended RAM area.  Failure is normally due to invalid information and can be corrected by setting CMOS defaults.  Further failure indicates either the chipset or the CMOS RAM
DMA Channels 0 and 1 are tested together with the page registers of the DMA controller chip (8237).  Failure is normally due to the DMA chips
Keyboard The 8042 keyboard controller is tested for functionality and for proper interfacing functions.  Failure is normally due to the 8042 chip
Refresh Memory refresh is tested; the standard with walking - bit patterns.  Failure is normally the PIT chip in AT's or the DMA chip in AT's
Memory The first 64K of memory is tested with walking bit patterns.  Failure is normally due to the first bank of ram or a data line
Interrupt Vectors The BIOS interrupt vectors table is loaded to the first bank of RAM.  Failure here is not likely since memory in the area has been tested.  If failure does occur suspect the BIOS or RTC
Video ROM Video ROM is initialized which performs an internal diagnostic before returning control to the system BIOS.  Failure is normally the video adapter or the BIOS
Video Memory This is tested with a bit pattern.   This is bypassed if there is a ROM on the video adapter.  Failure is normally down to the memory on the adapter
PIC The functionality of the interrupt controller chip(s) is tested (8259).  Failure is normally due to the 8259 chips but may be the clock
CMOS Battery BIOS verifies that CMOS byte 0D is set which indicates the CMOS battery power.  Suspect the battery first and the CMOS second
CMOS Checksum A checksum is performed on the CMOS.   Failure is either incorrect setup, the CMOS chip or battery.  If the test is passed, the information is used to configure the system
Determine System Memory Memory up to 640K is addressed in 64K blocks.  Failure is normally due to an address line or DMA chip.  If all the memory is not found there is a bad RAM chip or address line in the 64K block above the amount found
Memory Test Tests are performed on any memory found and there will normally be a message with the hex address of any failing bit displayed at the end of boot
PIC Further testing is done on the 8259 chips
CPU Protected Mode The processor is placed in protected mode and back into real mode; the 8042 is used for this.  In case of failure suspect the 8042, CPU, CMOS, or the BIOS in that order
Determine Extended Memory Memory above 1MB is addressed in 64K blocks.  The entire block will be inactive if there is a bad RAM chip on a block
Test Extended Memory Extended memory is tested with a series of patterns.  Failure is normally down to a RAM chip, and the hex address of the failed bit should be displayed
Unexpected Exceptions BIOS checks for unexpected exceptions in protected mode.  Failure is likely to be a TSR or intermittent RAM failure
Shadow Cache Shadow RAM and cache are activated.   Failure may be due to the cache controller or chips.  Check the CMOS first for invalid information
8242 Detection BIOS checks for an Intel 8242 keyboard controller and initializes it if found.  Failure may be due to an improper jumper setting or the 8242
Initialize Keyboard Failure could be the keyboard or controller
Initialize floppy All those set in the CMOS.  Failure could be incorrect CMOS setup or floppy controller or the drive
Detect Serial Ports BIOS searches for and initializes up to four serial ports at 3F8, 2F8, 3E8, and 2E8.  Detection failure is normally due to an incorrect jumper setting somewhere or an adapter failure
Detect Parallel Ports BIOS searches for and initializes up to four parallel ports at 378, 278, 3BC, and 2BC.  Detection failure is normally due to an incorrect jumper setting somewhere or an adapter failure
Initialize Hard Drive BIOS initializes any hard drive(s) set in the CMOS.  Failure could be due to invalid CMOS setup, hard drive or controller failure
Detect NPU Coprocessor Initialization of any NPU coprocessor found.  failure is due either to invalid CMOS setup or the NPU is failing
Initialize Adapter ROM Any Adapter ROM's between C800 and EFFF are initialized.  The ROM will do an internal test before giving back control to the system ROM.  Failure is normally due to the adapter ROM or the attached hardware
Initialize External Cache Any external cache to the 486 is enabled.  Failure would indicates invalid CMOS setup, cache controller or chip failure
NMI Unexpected Exceptions A final check for unexpected exceptions before giving control to the Int 19 boot loader.  Failure is normally due to a memory parity error or an adapter failure
Boot Errors Failure when the BIOS attempts to boot off the default drive set in CMOS is normally due to invalid CMOS drive setup or as given by an error message.  If the system hangs there is an error in the Master Boot Record or the Volume Boot Record

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Test Sequence after 4.2

 

CPU BIOS sets, verifies and resets the error flags in the CPU then performs a register test by writing and reading bit patterns.   Failure is normally due to the CPU or clock chip
Initialize Support Chips Video is disabled as is parity, DMA and NMI.  Then the PIT, PIC, and DMA chips are initialized.  Failure is normally the DMA or PIT chips
Initialize Keyboard Keyboard and controller are initialized
ROM BIOS Test A checksum is performed by the ROM BIOS on the data within itself and is compared to a preset value of 00.  Failure is normally due tot he ROM BIOS
CMOS Test A test of the CMOS chip which should also detect a bad battery.  Failure is due to either the CMOS chip or the battery
Memory Test First 356K of memory tested with any routines in the chipsets.  Failure is normally due to defective memory
Cache Initialization Any external cache to the chipset in activated.  Failure is normally due to the cache controller or chips
Initialize Vector Table Interrupt vectors are initialized and the interrupt table is installed into low memory.  Failure is normally due to the BIOS or low memory
CMOS RAM CMOS RAM checksum tested and BIOS defaults loaded if invalid.  Failure would indicate CMOS RAM failure
Keyboard Initialization Keyboard initialized and Num Lock set on.  Check the keyboard or controller is a failure occurs
Video Test Video adapter tested and initialized
Video Memory Tested for Mono and CGA adapters.   Failure could be the adapter card
DMA Test DMA controllers and page registers are tested.  Failure could indicate bad DMA chips
PIC Tests 8259 PIC chips are tested.  Failure would indicate a bad PIC
EISA Mode Test A checksum is performed on the extended data area of CMOS where EISA information is stored.  If passed the EISA adapter is initialized
Enable Slots Slots 0-15 doe EISA adapters are enabled if the above test is passed
Memory Size Memory addresses above 256K written in 64K blocks and addresses found are initialized.  If a bit is bad, the entire block containing it and those above will not be seen
Memory Test Read and write tests are performed on memory above 256K.  Failure is due to bad bit in RAM
EISA Memory Memory tests on any adapters initialize previously.  Check the memory chips if a failure occurs
Mouse Initialization Checks for a mouse and installs the appropriate interrupt vectors if one is found.  Check the mouse adapter if a failure occurs
Cache Initialized The cache controller is initialized if present
Shadow RAM Setup Any Shadow RAM present according to the CMOS is enabled
Floppy Test Test and initialize floppy controller and drive
Hard Drive Test Test and initialize hard disk controller and drive.  You may have an improper setup or a bad controller/hard drive if a failure occurs
Serial and Parallel Ports Amy serial and parallel ports are found and initialized
Math Coprocessor The coprocessor is initialized if found.   Check the CMOS setup or the math coprocessor if a failure occurs
Boot Speed Set the default speed at which the computer boots
POST Loop Reboot occurs if the loop pin is set for manufacturing purposes
Security Ask for a password if one has been set in the CMOS.
Write CMOS The BIOS is waiting to write the CMOS values from Setup to CMOS RAM.  Failure is normally due to an invalid CMOS configuration
Pre-Boot The BIOS is waiting to to write the CMOS values from Setup to CMOS RAM
Adapter ROM Initialization Adapter ROM's between C800 and EFFF are Initialized.  The ROM will do an internal test before giving back control to the system ROM.  Failure is normally due to the adapter ROM or the adapter card
Setup Time Set CMOS time to the value located at 40h of the BIOS data area
Boot System Control is given to Int 19 boot loader

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Text Messages

 

BIOS ROM checksum error - System halted The checksum of the BIOS code in the BIOS chip is incorrect, indicating the BIOS code may have become corrupt.  Replace the BIOS
CMOS battery failed CMOS battery is no longer functional.   Replace the battery
CMOS checksum error - Defaults loaded Checksum of CMOS is incorrect, so the system loads the default values.  A checksum error may indicate that CMOS has become corrupt.  This error might have been caused by a weak battery
CMOS CHECKSUM ERROR DISK BOOT FAILURE, INSERT SYSTEM DISK AND PRESS ENTER Checksum of CMOS is incorrect.    This can indicate that CMOS has become corrupt.  This error may have been caused by a weak CMOS battery
CPU at nnn Displays the running speed of the CPU
DISKETTE DRIVES OR TYPES MISMATCH ERROR - RUN SETUP Type of diskette drive installed in the system is different from the CMOS definition.  Run Setup to reconfigure the drive type correctly
Display switch is set incorrectly The display switch on the motherboard can be set to either monochrome or color.  This message indicates the switch is set to a different setting than indicated in Setup.  Determine which setting is correct and then either turn off the system and change the jumper or enter Setup and change the video selector
DISPLAY TYPE HAS CHANGED SINCE LAST BOOT Since last powering off the system, the display adapter has been changed.  You must configure the system for the new display type
EISA Configuration Checksum Error The EISA nonvolatile RAM checksum is incorrect or cannot correctly read the EISA slot.  This can indicate either the EISA nonvolatile memory has become corrupted or the slot has been configured incorrectly.   Also, be sure the card in installed firmly in the slot
EISA Configuration Is Not Complete The slot configuration information stored in the EISA nonvolatile memory is incomplete
ERROR ENCOUNTERED INITIALIZING HARD DRIVE Hard drive cannot be initialized.   Be sure the adapter is installed correctly and all cables are correctly and firmly attached.  Also be sure the correct hard drive type is selected in Setup
ERROR INITIALIZING HARD DISK CONTROLLER Cannot initialize controller.  Make sure the card is correctly and firmly installed in the bus.  Be sure the correct hard drive type is installed in Setup.  Also check to see if any jumper needs to be set correctly on the hard drive
FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER ERROR OR NO CONTROLLER PRESENT Cannot find or initialize the floppy disk controller.  make sure the controller is installed correctly and firmly.   If there are no floppy drives installed, be sure the Diskette Drive selection in Setup is set to None
Floppy disk(s) fail Cannot find or initialize the floppy drive controller or the drive.  make sure the controller is installed correctly.   If no floppy drives are installed, be sure the Diskette Drive selection in Setup is set to None or Auto
HARD DISK initializing Please wait for a moment... Some hard drives require some extra time to initialize
HARD DISK INSTALL FAILURE Cannot find or initialize the hard drive controller or the drive.  Make sure the controller is installed correctly.  If no hard drives are installed, be sure the Hard Drive selection in Setup is set to None
Hard disk(s) diagnosis fail The system may run specific disk diagnostic routines.  this message appears if one or more hard disks return an error when the diagnostics run
Invalid EISA Configuration The nonvolatile memory containing EISA configuration information was programmed incorrectly or has become corrupt.  Rerun EISA configuration utility to correctly program the memory
Keyboard error or no keyboard present Cannot initialize the keyboard.   Make sure the keyboard is attached correctly and no keys are being pressed during the boot.  If you are purposely configuring the system without a keyboard, set the error halt condition in Setup to HALT ON ALL, BUT KEYBOARD.  This will cause the BIOS to ignore the missing keyboard and continue the boot
Keyboard is locked out - Unlock the key This message usually indicates that one or more keys have been pressed during the keyboard tests.  Be sure no objects are resting on the keyboard
Memory Address Error at... Indicates a memory address error at a specific location.  You can use this location along with the memory map for your system to find and replace the bad memory chips
Memory parity Error at... Indicates a memory parity error at a specific location.  You can use this location along with the memory map for your system to find and replace the bad memory chips.
MEMORY SIZE HAS CHANGED SINCE LAST BOOT Memory has been added or removed since the last boot.  In EISA mode, use configuration utility to reconfigure the memory configuration.  In ISA mode,enter Setup and enter the new memory size in the memory field
Memory Test The message displays during a full memory test, counting down the memory areas being tested
Memory Test Fail If POST detects an error during memory testing, additional information appears giving specifics about the type and location of the memory error
Memory Verify Error at... Indicates an error verifying a value already written to memory.  Use the location along with your system's memory map to locate the bad chip
No boot device was found This could mean that either a boot device was not detected or the drive does not contain proper system boot files.   Insert a system disk into drive A: and press Enter.  If you assumed the system would boot from the hard drive, make sure the controller is inserted correctly and all cables are properly attached.  Also be sure the disk is formatted as a boot device.   Then reboot the system
OFFENDING ADDRESS NOT FOUND The message is used in conjunction with the I/O CHANNEL CHECK and RAM PARITY ERROR messages when the segment that has caused the problem cannot be isolated
OFFENDING SEGMENT: This message is used in conjunction with the I/O CHANNEL CHECK and RAM PARITY ERROR messages when the segment that has caused the problem has been isolated
Override enabled - Defaults loaded If the system cannot boot using the current CMOS configuration, the BIOS can override the current configuration with a set of BIOS defaults designed for the most stable, minimal-performance system operations
PRESS A KEY TO REBOOT This will be displayed at the bottom of the screen when an error occurs that requires you to reboot.  Press any key to reboot the system
Press ESC to skip memory test You can press ESC to skip the full memory test
PRESS F1 TO DISABLE NMI, F2 TO REBOOT When BIOS detects a non-maskable interrupt condition during boot, this will allow you to disable the NMI and continue to boot; or you can reboot the system with the NMI enabled
Press TAB to show POST screen System OEM's may replace the Award BIOS POST display with their own proprietary display.  Including this message in the OEM display permits the operator to switch between the OEM display
Primary master hard disk fail POST detects an error in the primary master IDE hard drive
Primary slave hard disk fail POST detects an error in the secondary master IDE hard drive
RAM PARITY ERROR - CHECKING FOR SEGMENT... Indicates a parity error in RAM
Resuming from disk, Press TAB to show POST screen Award offers a save-a-disk feature for notebook computers.  This message may appear when the operator restarts the system after a save-to-disk shutdown.  See the Press Tab...message earlier for a description of this feature
Secondary master hard disk fail POST detects an error in the secondary master IDE hard drive
Secondary slave hard disk fail POST detects an error in the secondary slave IDE hard drive
Should Be Empty But EISA Board Found A valid board ID was found in a slot that was configured as having no board ID
Should Have EISA Board But Not Found The board installed is not responding to the ID request, or no board ID has been found in the indicated slot
Slot Not Empty Indicates that a slot designated as empty by the EISA configuration utility actually contains a board
SYSTEM HALTED. (CTRL-ALT-DEL) TO REBOOT... Indicates the present boot attempt has been aborted and the system must be rebooted.  Press and hold down the Ctrl and Alt keys and press Del
Wrong Board In Slot The board ID does not match the ID stored in the EISA nonvolatile memory

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Basic XT

 

03 Flag resister test
06 CPU register test
09 System hardware initialization
0C BIOS checksum
0F DMA page register initialization
12 Test DMA address and count registers
15 DMA initialization
18 Timer test
1B Timer initialization
1E Start RAM initialization
21 Test base 64K of RAM
24 Setup init. and temp stack
27 Initialize PIC
2A Interrupt mask register test
2D Hot interrupt test
30 V40 DMA if present
33 Verify system clock initialization
36 Keyboard test
39 Setup interrupt table
3C Read system configuration switches
3F Video test
42 Serial port determination
45 Parallel port determination
48 Game port determination
4B Copyright message display
4E Calculation of CPU speed
54 Test of system memory
55 Floppy drive test
57 System initialized before boot
5A Call to Int 19

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XT v3.1

 

01 Processor test fail; Processor status verification #1
02 Type of POST/keyboard buffer; Failed if the keyboard interface buffer is filled with data
06 Initialize 6845 video controller, 8237 DMA controller, 8259 PIC, 8253 timer channel channel 1 initialized; Reset math coprocessor; Disable color and mono video, parity circuits and DMA chips; Clear DMA chips and page registers
07 Process registers except SS, SP, BP with data patterns 00 and FF; Processor status verification #2
09 ROM checksum for 32K tested
0A Initialize the 6845 video controller
15 Test first 64K of system memory
16 Set up interrupt table in first 64K
17 Set up video I/O operations
18 Test video memory
19 8259 mask bits-channel 1
1A 8259 mask bits-channel 2
1D Setup configuration byte from CMOS
1E Size memory and compare with CMOS
1F Test base memory; Test found system memory
20 Test stuck 8259's Interrupt bits
21 Test stuck NMI parity I/O bits
22 8259 Interrupt functionality tested
2A Keyboard initialized
2B Floppy dive controller and drive initialized
2C Initialize COM ports
2D Initialize LPT ports
2F Initialize math coprocessor
31 Initialize option ROM's
FF Int. 19 boot attempt

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XT v3.3

 

01-05 Keyboard controller 8042 tested
06 On-board LSI initialized
07 CPU flags tested
08 Calculate CMOS checksum
09 Initialize the 8254 PIT
0A 8254 PIC tested
0B DMA controller tested
0C 8259 PIC initialized
0D 8259 PIC tested
0E ROM BIOS checksum tested
0F Extended CMOS tested
10 8259 PIC tested
11 8259 PIC tested
12 8259 PIC tested
13 8259 PIC tested
14 8259 PIC tested
15 First 64K RAM tested
16 Interrupt vector tables initialized
17 Video initialization
18 Video memory tested
19 Interrupt line mask 8259 PIC tested
1A Interrupt line mask 8259 PIC tested
1B Battery good
1C CMOS checksum verified
1D CMOS chip/RTC verified
1E Memory size checked
1F Memory verified
20 DMA initialized
21 PIC initialized
22 PIT initialized
24 Extended memory size checked
25 Extended memory tested
26 Protected mode entered
27 Shadow RAM, cache controller initialized
28 Shadow RAM, cache controller tested
29 Reserved
2A Initialize keyboard
2B Floppy drive initialization
2C Serial port initialization
2D Parallel port initialization
2E Hard disk initialization
2F Math coprocessor
30 Reserved
31 Optional ROM's checked for
FF Boot from Int 19

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EISA BIOS

 

01 CPU flags
02 CPU registers
03 Initialize DMA, PIC, PIT
04 Memory refresh
05 Keyboard initialization
06 ROM checksum
07 CMOS, battery
08 256K memory
09 Cache
0A Set Interrupt table
0B CMOS checksum
0C Keyboard initialization
0D Video adapter
0E Video memory
0F DMA channel 0
10 DMA channel 1
11 DMA page register
14 Timer chip
15 PIC controller 1
16 PIC controller 0
17 PIC stuck bits
18 PIC maskable IRQ's
19 NMI bit check
1F CMOS XRAM
20 Slot 0
21 Slot 1
22 Slot 2
23 Slot 3
24 Slot 4
25 Slot 5
26 Slot 6
27 Slot 7
28 Slot 8
29 Slot 9
2A Slot 10
2B Slot 11
2C Slot 12
2D Slot 13
2E Slot 14
2F Slot 15
30 Memory size 256K
31 Memory test over 256K
32 EISA memory
3C CMOS setup
3D Mouse/adapter, CMOS
3E Cache RAM
3F Shadow RAM
41 Floppy drive
42 Hard drive
43 RS232 parallel
45 NPU
47 Speed
4E Manufacturing loop
4F Security
50 CMOS update
51 Enable NMI, cache
52 Adapter ROM's
53 Set time
60 Virus protection setup
61 Boot speed
62 Numlock setup
63 Boot
B0 NMI in protected
B1 Disable NMI
BE Chipset default initialization
BF Chipset program
C0 Cache on/off
C1 Memory size
C2 Base 256K test
C3 DRAM page select
C4 Video switch
C5 Shadow RAM
C6 Cache program
C8 Speed switch
C9 Shadow RAM
CA OEM chipset
FF Boot